Background: Guinea pigs are herbivores (strict vegetarians) and have a similar digestive tract to horses, rabbits and chinchillas. Intestinal flora in their digestive tract is specialized in order to help breakdown and digest plant materials. Knowledge of the intestinal flora of this animal is important both from a public health stand point and for use guinea pigs as a model of infectious disease. In this survey, Enterobacteriaceae family role in digestive tract of guinea pigs has been identified in wild Guinea pigs FECAL PELLETS that they live around Karakas Mountain camping.Methods: Two groups of Guinea pigs from the upper (group 1) and lower (group 2) areas of the climbers’ camp were selected. The bacterial flora of the pigs regarding the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in FECAL PELLETS was determined by bacteriology methods.Findings: Salmonella was not isolated from none of the mentioned groups. Escherichia coli was not observed from the FECAL PELLETS samples of group 1. In the 2nd group, E. coli was isolated from around 12% of FECAL samples in the first stage and reduced to 4% in the second stage of the experiment.Conclusion: In spite of the fact that most of the gastrointestinal tract bacteria were transmitted through infected food and water, the results of this study indicated that climbers considered as the main source of Escherichia coli for Guinea pigs and their FECAL pelts contain this bacteria for temporary period of time.

Histidine at the doses 30 and 60ml/kg had no effect when injected at 7:00h, or at 19:00h. Histidine at the doses of 120, 240 and 480 mg/kg decreased defecation at the first 8 and 24 hours post injection, respectively, when injected at 07:00h. The amino acid at the doses of 120, 240 and 480 mg/kg decreased the number of FECAL PELLETS at 2, 8 and 24 h post injection, respectively, when injected at 19:00h. Suppressive effect of histidine in the light period was more intense and lasted longer than that in the dark period. The mean number of PELLETS for each individual prior to the interventional study was recorded as interval negative control.

Background: Gut microbiota contains many types of parasites, viruses, archaebacteria, and bacteria. There is a bilateral relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system, and they regulate each other. Many experiments have used FECAL Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI disorders. FMT has beneficial effects on patients with Clostridioides difficile. The aim of the current review article was to gain insight on the relationship between gut microbiota and various immune system components in order to investigate its links with various human diseases as well as to explore the application of FMT-based therapeutic interventions in several GI and non-GI disorders. Materials and methods: Systematically, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases using the following keywords: FECAL Microbiota Transplantation, Microbiota, and Immune system. Finally, 127 articles in English language reporting FECAL Microbiota Transplantation, Microbiota, and Immune system were included for the final analysis. Conclusion: FMT is one of the novel therapeutic approaches in the field of medicine that improves and modulates GI microbiota. For this reason, physicians and researchers are making an attempt to use it to treat various GI and non-GI diseases. The GI microbiota is important in metabolism, immune system modulation, the synthesis of various types of vitamins, etc. Currently, FMT is proposed by the FDA (The US Food and Drug Administration) for patients with Clostridioides difficile who do not respond to standard therapies. Currently, FMT-based therapeutic interventions have scarcely been applied for the treatment of other diseases, such as IBD. Nevertheless, it is still considered as an efficient therapy for some of IBD patients. However, several concerns regarding the clinical application of FMT are still remaining to be addressed necessiating conducting further detailed studies in this regard.

Application of feed PELLETS in animal and aquatic farming industries has grown because of both the physical and the nutritional benefits it provides. Development of feed PELLETS manufacturing industry is also considerable. Steam conditioning process, which plays an important role in pelleting production, includes heating feed particles, adding moisture, and mixing the mash. PELLETS cooling and drying processes are also involved in heat transfer phenomena. In this study, thermal conductivity of feed PELLETS was determined at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 85oC and moisture contents of 11.8 to 18.2% wb. It was measured by the transient technique using the line heat source method assembled in a thermal conductivity probe. It turned out that decreasing moisture contents from 18.2 to 11.8% (wb) produced non-linear reduction in thermal conductivity.The average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1509 to 0.2143 W m-1 oC-1 at different moisture contents. Tests conducted on two pellet size categories (based on nominal diameter) revealed a significant difference in thermal conductivity between these categories. The thermal conductivities of the first category (minor than nominal dia.) appeared to be 8.5% higher than those of the second category (superior to nominal dia.).Average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1538 to 0.2333 W m-1 oC-1 for the first category and from 0.1235 to 0.2456 W m-1 oC-1 for the second category (in 25oC). In addition, some empirical models were developed to express thermal properties as a function of moisture content and temperature.

Determination of physical properties of municipal waste compost is necessary to obtain the parameters related to designing and constructing a suitable pelleting machine for producing compost PELLETS. The purpose of this study is determining some physical properties such as; bulk density, coefficient of friction, porosity, angle of repose for compost and density and expansion for compost PELLETS. These parameters are determined at three moisture content level (15, 20 and 25 %), four particle sizes (normal size, 10, 30 and 100) and three pressure level (23.4, 36 and 47.7 MPa) with three replications. According to the table of analysis of variance (ANOVA), effect of mesh size on angle of repose using emptying method was significant, but for filling method was not (P=0.01). The effect of mesh size on friction coefficient using four surfaces, was significant (P=0.01). It was determined that the effect of particle size, moisture content and pressure on density of PELLETS was significant (P=0.01). Also using compost with low porosity, particle size at 100, moisture content at 25% and pressure at 47.7 MPa will results producing best PELLETS.

Origins of contamination for traditional ice cream consist of using of using primarily contaminated or unpasteurized ingredients (i.e., milk or cream). Determination of coliform-Enterococcns ratio is among methods used for investigation of FECAL coliform's origin. This study aims to enumerate FECAL coliform and Enterococci as well as their ratio, in order to find out the origin of contamination in traditional ice cream. Consequently, 21 traditional ice cream samples were collected throughout Tabriz. Samples were prepared and then enumation of FECAL coliforms and Enterococci were performed according to the Iranian standards (No. 356, 2946 and 2198 respectively). Mean level of contamination for FECAL coliforms was 6.67 and for Enterococci were 307.1. On the other hand, the FECAL coliforms-Enterococci ratio was determined as 0.0217. Regarding the normal mean ratio of coliforms and Enterococci in cow's intestine, therefore the origin of contamination for traditional ice creams were distinguished as cow's feces which could enter cow's milk direct and lor indirectly.